The History of Chocolate

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The History of Chocolate
If you can't imagine life without chocolate, you're lucky you weren't born before the 16th century. Until then, chocolate only existed in Mesoamerica in a form quite different from what we know. As far back as 1900 BCE, the people of that region had learned to prepare the beans of the native cacao tree. The earliest records tell us the beans were ground and mixed with cornmeal and chili peppers to create a drink - not a relaxing cup of hot cocoa, but a bitter, invigorating concoction frothing with foam.

And if you thought we make a big deal about chocolate today, the Mesoamericans had us beat. They believed that cacao was a heavenly food gifted to humans by a feathered serpent god, known to the Maya as Kukulkan and to the Aztecs as Quetzalcoatl. Aztecs used cacao beans as currency and drank chocolate at royal feasts, gave it to soldiers as a reward for success in battle, and used it in rituals. The first transatlantic chocolate encounter occurred in 1519 when Hernán Cortés visited the court of Moctezuma at Tenochtitlan. As recorded by Cortés's lieutenant, the king had 50 jugs of the drink brought out and poured into golden cups. When the colonists returned with shipments of the strange new bean, missionaries' salacious accounts of native customs gave it a reputation as an aphrodisiac. At first, its bitter taste made it suitable as a medicine for ailments, like upset stomachs, but sweetening it with honey, sugar, or vanilla quickly made chocolate a popular delicacy in the Spanish court. And soon, no aristocratic home was complete without dedicated chocolate ware. The fashionable drink was difficult and time consuming to produce on a large scale. That involved using plantations and imported slave labor in the Caribbean and on islands off the coast of Africa. The world of chocolate would change forever in 1828 with the introduction of the cocoa press by Coenraad van Houten of Amsterdam. Van Houten's invention could separate the cocoa's natural fat, or cocoa butter. This left a powder that could be mixed into a drinkable solution or recombined with the cocoa butter to create the solid chocolate we know today. Not long after, a Swiss chocolatier named Daniel Peter added powdered milk to the mix, thus inventing milk chocolate. By the 20th century, chocolate was no longer an elite luxury but had become a treat for the public. Meeting the massive demand required more cultivation of cocoa, which can only grow near the equator.

Now, instead of African slaves being shipped to South American cocoa plantations, cocoa production itself would shift to West Africa with Cote d'Ivoire providing two-fifths of the world's cocoa as of 2015. Yet along with the growth of the industry, there have been horrific abuses of human rights. Many of the plantations throughout West Africa, which supply Western companies, use slave and child labor, with an estimation of more than 2 million children affected. This is a complex problem that persists despite efforts from major chocolate companies to partner with African nations to reduce child and indentured labor practices.

Today, chocolate has established itself in the rituals of our modern culture. Due to its colonial association with native cultures, combined with the power of advertising, chocolate retains an aura of something sensual, decadent, and forbidden. Yet knowing more about its fascinating and often cruel history, as well as its production today, tells us where these associations originate and what they hide. So as you unwrap your next bar of chocolate, take a moment to consider that not everything about chocolate is sweet.

Ашоколад аҭоурых, Seujarah Coklat, Lok me tekwaro pa cokolet, Chokoleet Aydaadu, Die Geskiedenis van Sjokolade, Historia e Çokollatës, Lembe mukadho pa chocolate, የቸኮሌት ታሪክ, Շոկոլադի պատմությունը, চকলেটৰ ইতিহাস, Шоколадалъул тарих, चॉकलेट का इतिहास, Ukax Chocolate ukan sarnaqäwipawa, Şokoladın tarixi, Sejarah Coklat, Chocolat ka tariku, Sɔkɔti’n i su ndɛ’n, Шоколад тарихы, Txokolatearen historia, Sejarah Coklat si lit i bas, Sejarah Coklat, Sejarah ni Coklat, Гісторыя шакаладу, Ilyashi lya kale ilya Chokoleti, চকোলেটের ইতিহাস, Sejarah Coklat, चॉकलेट के इतिहास के बारे में बतावल गइल बा, An Kasaysayan kan Tsokolate, Historija čokolade, Istor ar chokolad, Историята на шоколада, Шоколадай түүхэ, 朱古力嘅歷史, La història de la xocolata, Ang Kasaysayan sa Tsokolate, I Historia put Chokoleti, Шоколадан истори, Mbiri ya Chokoleti, 巧克力的历史, 巧克力的歷史, Ewe Uruwo Chokkot, Шоколад историйӗ, A storia di u cioccolatu, Шоколаднынъ тарихы, Şokoladnıñ tarihı, Povijest čokolade, Historie čokolády, Chokoladens historie, Akököl de Chocolate, चॉकलेट दा इतिहास, Makani aa Chokoleti, De geschiedenis van chocolade, Sokola ka tariki, ཅོག་ལེ་ཊིའི་ལོ་རྒྱུས།, La Historio de Ĉokolado, Šokolaadi ajalugu, Tsokolet ƒe Ŋutinya, Søgan um sjokulátu, Na itukutuku ni jokeliti, Ang Kasaysayan ng Tsokolate, Suklaan historia, Tan Chocolat Tɔn, L'histoire du chocolat, De skiednis fan sûkelade, La storie dal ciocolat, Daartol Sokola, Tsokolate He Yinɔsane, A historia do chocolate, შოკოლადის ისტორია, Die Geschichte der Schokolade, Η ιστορία της σοκολάτας, Chocolate rembiasakue, ચોકલેટનો ઇતિહાસ, Istwa Chokola a, Chocolate tuanbia, Tarihin Cakulan, Ka Moolelo o ke Kokoleka, Ang Kasaysayan sang Tsokolate, चॉकलेट का इतिहास, Keeb Kwm ntawm Chocolate, A csokoládé története, Ti kexicht fon te xokolaate, Sejarah Coklat, Saga súkkulaðisins, Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke chocolate, Ti Pakasaritaan ti Tsokolate, Sejarah Cokelat, Qanuilinganirisimajanga sukulat, ᓱᑯᓚᐃᑎᐅᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓕᕐᓂᕆᓚᐅᖅᑕᖓ, Stair na Seacláide, La storia del cioccolato, Di History a Chocolate, チョコレートの歴史, Sejarah Coklat, Chocolate a labau, Sukkulaap oqaluttuassartaa, ಚಾಕೊಲೇಟ್ ಇತಿಹಾಸ, Gargam Chocolatebe, Ing Kasaysayan ning Tsokolati, Шоколад тарихы, Ka Histori jong ka Chocolate, ប្រវត្តិនៃសូកូឡា, Ebyafaayo bya Chokoleeti, Disolo ya Chocolat, Amateka ya shokora, Disolo ya Chocolat, Chokolet ni koktwma, Шоколадлӧн история

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Meunyo hana neu bayang udep hana coklat, naseb droeneuh hana lahe seugolom abad keu 16. Sampoë masa nyan, coklat mantong na di Mesoamerika lam beuntuk nyang cukôp meubeda ngon nyang ka ta teupeuë. Seujak thon 1900 SM, ureung-ureung daerah nyan ka meurunoe peugot kacang-kacangan bak kakao asli. Catatan awai geupeugah bak geutanyoe kacang nyan geugileng dan geu campur ngon tepung jagong dan cabe rawit untuk geupeugot minuman - kon cangkie kakao suum nyang santai, tapi ramuan nyang phet, menyegarkan nyang meubuih ngon busa.

Dan meunyo droeneuh neukira geutanyoe tapeugot masalah rayeuk keu coklat uroe nyoe, awak Mesoamerika ka ji peutaloe geutanyoe. Awaknyan jipeucaya bahwa kakao nakeuh makanan syuruga nyang geubri keu manusia le dewa uleue nyang na bulu, nyang jituri le ureueng Maya seubagoe Kukulkan ngon ureueng Aztec seubagoe Quetzalcoatl. Ureuëng Aztec geungui boh kakao seubagoë pèng ngon geujieb coklat bak acara-acara raja, geubri keu teuntra seubagoë hadiah keu meuhasé lam prang, ngon geungui bak ritual. Pertemuan coklat transatlantik phôn that teujadi bak thôn 1519 watèe Hernán Cortés geujak saweuë istana Moctezuma di Tenochtitlan. Lagèë nyang ka geucatat lé letnan Cortés, raja geuyuë 50 boh guci ië jibôh nyan geupeuteubiët ngon geubôh lam cangkie meuh. Watee penjajah geuwoe ngon kiriman kacang baro nyang aneh nyan, catatan salacious misionaris teuntang adat istiadat asli geubri reputasi seubagoe afrodisiak. Bak awai, rasa phet jih jeuet keu cocok keu ubat keu peunyakét, lagèe pruët nyang sakét, tapi meunyoë tapeumamah ngon madu, gula, atawa vanila bagah that jeuet keu coklat jeuët keu makanan nyang that geuturi di istana Spanyol. Dan hana trep lheuh nyan, hana rumoh bangsawan nyang lengkap tanpa barang coklat khusus. Minuman mode nyan payah ngon pajoh watee keu jipeugot lam skala rayeuk. Nyan meulibatkan penggunaan perkebunan ngen teunaga keurija lamiet impor di Karibia ngen di pulo-pulo di pante Afrika. Donya coklat akan meu ubah keu siumu masa bak thon 1828 deungon geupeuturi meusen coklat le Coenraad van Houten dari Amsterdam. Penemuan Van Houten jeut ji pisahkan lemak alami kakao, atawa mentega kakao. Nyoe jitinggai saboh beudak nyang jeuet ji campur jeuet keu larutan nyang jeuet jiep atawa ji gabungkan lom ngon mentega kakao keu jipeugot coklat padat nyang tanyoe teupeu jinoe. Hana trep lheuh nyan, sidroe tukang coklat Swiss nyang nan jih Daniel Peter geutamah susu bubuk lam campuran nyan, ngon lagee nyan geuteumeung coklat susu. Bak abad keu-20, coklat hana le jeuet keu barang mewah elit tapi ka jeuet keu makanan keu ureueng rame. Keu peusapat peumitaan nyang that rayeuk nyan peureulèë leubèh le budidaya kakao, nyang mantong jeuët timoh toë ngon khatulistiwa.

Jinoe, nibak lamiet Afrika nyang jikirém u ladang-ladang kakao Amerika Seulatan, produksi kakao nyan keudroe akan meugantoe u Afrika Barat ngon Cote d'Ivoire nyang jiseudia dua per limong dari kakao donya bak thon 2015. Bah pih meunan, meusajan ngon pertumbuhan industri, na penyalahgunaan hak manusia nyang that dahsyat. Le that perkebunan di mandum Afrika Barat, nyang geupeusapat perusahaan-perusahaan Barat, geungui teunaga keurija lamiet ngon aneuk miet, ngon perkiraan leubeh nibak 2 juta aneuk miet nyang keunong. Nyoe nakeuh masalah nyang kompleks nyang teutap na meskipun na upaya dari perusahaan coklat rayeuk keu meumitra ngon nanggroe-nanggroe Afrika keu geupeukureung praktek teunaga keurija aneuk miet ngon indentured.

Bak masa jinoe, coklat ka meudong lam ritual budaya geutanyoe nyang modern. Kareuna hubungan kolonial jih ngon budaya asli, meugabong ngon kekuatan iklan, coklat geupeutheun aura sapeue-sapeue nyang sensual, dekaden, ngon nyang dilarang. Bah that pih meunan, meunjo ta teupeuë leubèh djroh teuntang seudjarah djih njang meu-ulang-ulang dan kayem that keujam, meunan tjit deungon produksi djih uroë njoë, djipeugah bak geutanjoë pat asai asosiasi-asosiasi njoë dan peuë njang djipeusom. Jadi watee droeneuh neubuka bungkus coklat droeneuh nyang akan teuka, neucok watee siat untuk neupertimbangkan bahwa hana mandum hai teuntang coklat nyan mangat.

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Lok me tekwaro pa cokolet
Ka pi itwero tamo kwo labongo chocolate, in itye ki gum ni pe ki nywali ma peya cencwari me 16 oromo. Ma oo i kare meno, chocolate onwongo tye i Mesoamerica i kit ma pat ki ma wangeyo. Cakke i mwaka 1900 K.M.P., jo ma gibedo i kabedo meno onongo gupwonyo kit me tedo nyig yat cacao ma kipito i kabedo meno. Lok ma ki coyo con waco ni nyig cam ni ki turo ki ki rubu ki moko ki nyig anyogi me yubu gin amata - pi kikopo me cocoa ma lyet, ento gin ma kec, ma miyo guvu ma ki rubu ki buru.

Ki ka in itamo ni wa timo gin madit i kom chocolate tin, jo me Mesoamericans gu loyo wa. Gin onongo gitamo ni cacao obedo cam me polo ma kimiyo bot dano ki bot lubanga ma tye ki lak, ma jo Maya gingeyo ni Kukulkan ki bot jo Aztecs ni Quetzalcoatl. Aztecs onongo tiyo ki nyig cacao calo cente ki mato chocolate i karama pa kabaka, miyo bot lumony macalo mic pi loc i lweny, ki tiyo kwede i kwer. I kare ma Hernán Cortés olimo kot pa Moctezuma i Tenochtitlan, gin ma otimme i 1519 i kare ma Hernán Cortés olimo kot pa Moctezuma. Kit ma ladit pa Cortés ocoyo kwede, kabaka oweko ki kelo jami amata 50 ki ki keto i kikopo me jabu. I kare ma lurok gudok ki cwalo jami ma ki cwalo i kom nyig yat manyen ma ki ngeyo ni, lok pa lumiconari ma mako tekwaro pa dano ma gibedo i lobo meno omiyo nying ni obedo gin ma kelo mar. I acaki, mit ne ma kec oweko obedo yat me cango two, ma calo two ic, ento keto ne ki moo kic, cukal, onyo vanilla oyot oyot oweko chocolate odoko gin ma dano maro i gang pa Spain. Ki cut cut, pe tye ot pa dano ma rwom gi lamal ma otum labongo jami ma ki yubu ki chocolate. Gin amata ma tye ka nen i kare ni onwongo tek ki tero kare malac me yubu ne i rwom ma malo. Man onongo kwako tic ki poto ki tic ki opii ma kikelo ki i lobo mukene i Caribbean ki i cula nam ma tye i dog nam me Afrika. Lobo pa chocolate obi loko matwal i mwaka 1828 ki kelo gin ma ki lwongo ni cocoa press pa Coenraad van Houten me Amsterdam. Gin ma Van Houten oyubu ni twero poko moo ma tye i cocoa, onyo moo cocoa. Man oweko buru ma ki twero rubu ne i gin ma ki mato onyo ki rubu ne ki moo kawa me yubu chocolate ma tek ma wangeyo i kare ni. Cokcok inge kare manok, ladiro chocolate me Swiss ma nyinge Daniel Peter omedo cak ma ki buru i kom jami ma ki rubu ni, ki en oyubu chocolate ma ki lwongo ni milk chocolate. I cencwari me 20, chocolate onwongo dong pe obedo gin ma dano maro ento onwongo dong odoko gin ma dano maro. Me cobo miti madit ni mito pito kawa madwong, ma twero dongo cok ki equator keken.

I kare ni, ma ka cwalo opii me Afrika i poto me cocoa me South America, yub me cocoa kikome obi cito i West Africa ki Cote d'Ivoire ma tye ka miyo nucu pa cocoa me lobo ducu i mwaka 2015. Ento kacel ki dongo pa tic man, tye tim me turo twero pa dano marac atika. Pol pa poto ma tye i West Africa, ma miiyo jami bot kampuni ma i Western, tiyo ki opii ki lutino, ki wel ma ki byeko ni lutino ma romo million 2 gi nongo peko. Man obedo peko ma tek ma tye ka mede kadi bed ni kampuni madongo me chocolate gitye ka tute me ribe ki lobe me Afrika me dwoko piny tic pa lutino ki tic ma ki miiyo bot lutino.

I nino man, cokolet omoko kome i kin jami ma kitimo i tekwarowa me kare ni. Pi rwate ne ki tekwaro pa dano ma gibedo i lobo meno, ka i medo ki teko me cato wil, chocolate tye ki aura me gin mo ma kelo miti, ma balo kwo, ki ma ki kwero. Ento ngeyo jami mapol ikom tekwaro ne ma yomo cwiny ki pol kare rac, kacel ki kit ma ki yubu kwede i kare ni, tito botwa kama dul eni oya ki iye ki ngo ma gi kano. Pi meno ka itye ka yabo gin ma ki lwongo ni chocolate, kwany kare manok me tamo ni pe jami weng ma mako chocolate mit.

Ашоколад аҭоурых, Seujarah Coklat, Lok me tekwaro pa cokolet, Chokoleet Aydaadu, Die Geskiedenis van Sjokolade, Historia e Çokollatës, Lembe mukadho pa chocolate, የቸኮሌት ታሪክ, Շոկոլադի պատմությունը, চকলেটৰ ইতিহাস, Шоколадалъул тарих, चॉकलेट का इतिहास, Ukax Chocolate ukan sarnaqäwipawa, Şokoladın tarixi, Sejarah Coklat, Chocolat ka tariku, Sɔkɔti’n i su ndɛ’n, Шоколад тарихы, Txokolatearen historia, Sejarah Coklat si lit i bas, Sejarah Coklat, Sejarah ni Coklat, Гісторыя шакаладу, Ilyashi lya kale ilya Chokoleti, চকোলেটের ইতিহাস, Sejarah Coklat, चॉकलेट के इतिहास के बारे में बतावल गइल बा, An Kasaysayan kan Tsokolate, Historija čokolade, Istor ar chokolad, Историята на шоколада, Шоколадай түүхэ, 朱古力嘅歷史, La història de la xocolata, Ang Kasaysayan sa Tsokolate, I Historia put Chokoleti, Шоколадан истори, Mbiri ya Chokoleti, 巧克力的历史, 巧克力的歷史, Ewe Uruwo Chokkot, Шоколад историйӗ, A storia di u cioccolatu, Шоколаднынъ тарихы, Şokoladnıñ tarihı, Povijest čokolade, Historie čokolády, Chokoladens historie, Akököl de Chocolate, चॉकलेट दा इतिहास, Makani aa Chokoleti, De geschiedenis van chocolade, Sokola ka tariki, ཅོག་ལེ་ཊིའི་ལོ་རྒྱུས།, La Historio de Ĉokolado, Šokolaadi ajalugu, Tsokolet ƒe Ŋutinya, Søgan um sjokulátu, Na itukutuku ni jokeliti, Ang Kasaysayan ng Tsokolate, Suklaan historia, Tan Chocolat Tɔn, L'histoire du chocolat, De skiednis fan sûkelade, La storie dal ciocolat, Daartol Sokola, Tsokolate He Yinɔsane, A historia do chocolate, შოკოლადის ისტორია, Die Geschichte der Schokolade, Η ιστορία της σοκολάτας, Chocolate rembiasakue, ચોકલેટનો ઇતિહાસ, Istwa Chokola a, Chocolate tuanbia, Tarihin Cakulan, Ka Moolelo o ke Kokoleka, Ang Kasaysayan sang Tsokolate, चॉकलेट का इतिहास, Keeb Kwm ntawm Chocolate, A csokoládé története, Ti kexicht fon te xokolaate, Sejarah Coklat, Saga súkkulaðisins, Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke chocolate, Ti Pakasaritaan ti Tsokolate, Sejarah Cokelat, Qanuilinganirisimajanga sukulat, ᓱᑯᓚᐃᑎᐅᑉ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓕᕐᓂᕆᓚᐅᖅᑕᖓ, Stair na Seacláide, La storia del cioccolato, Di History a Chocolate, チョコレートの歴史, Sejarah Coklat, Chocolate a labau, Sukkulaap oqaluttuassartaa, ಚಾಕೊಲೇಟ್ ಇತಿಹಾಸ, Gargam Chocolatebe, Ing Kasaysayan ning Tsokolati, Шоколад тарихы, Ka Histori jong ka Chocolate, ប្រវត្តិនៃសូកូឡា, Ebyafaayo bya Chokoleeti, Disolo ya Chocolat, Amateka ya shokora, Disolo ya Chocolat, Chokolet ni koktwma, Шоколадлӧн история

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Chokoleet Aydaadu
Atu chokoleet sinnim mano fayramisam duude waytek, atu saamili 16haytô boolih karmak naharal tooboke wayteemih taagah. Tohuuk widiril, chokoleet dubuk Mesoamericah addal sugeeh, nanu naaxigeemih baxsale gurral suge. 1900 BCE fanah, woo rakaakayih ummatta baaxoh addah kakao caxak arikko bicsaanam baritteh sugte. Naharsi qilmih oytitte elle tascassennal, qasbo kee chili peppers lih angaaraw abak, maqab bicsaanam - laqin kookaxaw lih angaaraw le kobbaayat hinnay, qaxmeqe, qanxaffe le concoction frothing with foam.

kee atu asaaku chokoleet wagittaamal kaxxa caagid abnam tekkelek, Mesoamerican nee yoogoreh. Usun kakao, Maya Kukulkan deqsitaah, Aztek Quetzalcoatl axcuk muggaaqisan, qanxaffe le abeesa degelti, sinam fanah yeceeh yan jannatih maaqo kinnim yaamineenih. Aztecs cacao beans lakqoh innal edde yantifiqeenim kee chocolate royal qaffaydoodil yaaqubeenim, qaskariyyoh carbih addat geytimeh yan gicloh acwa akah yaceen innah abak, ritual edde yantifiqeenim. Qimboh addah Atlantiik chokoleet angaaraw tekkem 1519 Hernan Kortes Tenochtitlan magaalal Moktezumah cokmih buxah gufne abe wak. Kortes leetenanti elle yeyseqerrime innal, amoyti 50 takke maqab yeyyeeqeh dahab kobbaayat caxeh suge. Kolonistitte qusba bean lih gexak sugte wak, missoynaanih salacih accountitte native customs luk sugteeh, afrodisiac deqsitta migaq luk sugte. Naharal, tet qaxmeqe qaynat, biyaakitteh dayla akah takkennah abte, laakin malab, sokkar, hinnay vanilla sissikuk chokoleet Ispaaniyah cokmih buxal kaxxaam meqeh tan qaynat kinnim tamixxige. kee xayuk, uli aristocratic buxa duudumteh masuginna chokoleet uwwayti sinnim. faashiin maqab gibduk sugem kee wakti beyta fidin caddot murtussuh. Toh Karibiyaan kee Afrikah badih qaxih exxal tan gadditte kee baaxok culteh tan naqoosa taamah addat geytimta. Chokoleet baadal 1828 Amsterdam magaalal Coenraad van Houten kookaxaw press qimmise wak umman way milaagimam faxximta. Van Houten hadliyyi kookah ginoh xayta hinnay kookah mutuk baxsam duudah. Tah raqteh tan powder, maqub qaynat fanah culsaanam duudumtah, hinnay kaadu kookaxaw luk culsaanam duudumtah, asaaku nanu naaxigeh nan solid chocolate bicsaanam xiqqimtah. Mango waktiik lakal, Swiss chokoleet bicse num Daniel Peter deqsita numuy, canti chokoleet bicseeh, tohih taagah canti chokoleet bicse. 20haytô boolih karmal, chokoleet kaxxam meqe assakat luk masuginna immay ummattah dayla tekke. kaxxa fayxi kiboonuh mango kooka buqre faxxa, toh dubuk ekuwaater xaqul tanbe.

Awayih uddur, Afrikah xaylo Gabbi Ameerikah kookah buqre fanah ruubaanam hinnay, kooka murtisso isih Kilbatti Afrika fanah gexak, Koot d'Ivoire 2015 fanah baadal tan kookaak nammay haytoh exxah gaba bahta. Kilbatti Afrikah addal tan mango coox daabisiyyih buxaaxi, kilbatti baaxooxah kampaanitteh addal, naqoosa kee alaaqah taamat geytimtaah, 2 milyoonuk daga takke sayyoh taamat geytimtam warsan. Tamah Kaxxa Chokoleet Kampaanitte Afrikah Baaxooxa Lih Cattiimak, Sayyo Kee Indentured Taama Abeenit Akah Yaysiisen Innah Abak Geytimta Taqabi Kinnim Qaddoosen.

asaaku, chokoleet isih is xiseh ni qasri qaadah siirat. Kolooniyal tan eglaali, native qaadoodi luk, advertising caylat axawah tan, chokoleet, sissin qaynatih aura, decadent, kee haram le. Usuk uxih qimmoh addah wagitak, mango uddur qimmoh addah wagitak, asaaku tet qimmoh addah wagitak, tama eglaali elle qimmissem kee maca qimmissem neh warsa. Tohih taagah atu ciggilta barra chokoleet fakkiimele wak, chokoleet wagittaamal kullim salfa lem hinnam cubbit hay.

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Maaqo mannal daagisaanam xiqqimtam
Maaqo lakqo daagissuh, maaqo ekraarisaay, qadaagah rorta bicis, buxal mango uddur alaysaah, mangom xaam. ossotinah macgaggur edde anuk tellemmo tellemmo, kupoonittet duqaysimak, makaadin murtisso doorit, kee maaqiddi finqa salcisaanam.

atu tellemmo abtaamak afal
Isi maaqo ekraaris: Ayyamti maaqo ekraaro bicis, atu xaamtam faxxam hununuh taaxiguh, toh kaadu sissik xaamiyyaa kee caddok dagah lakqo akah culsan innah abta.
Rorta bicis: diggale tellemmoh rorsi isi ekraarot xakabuh koo cateleeh, faxxiime sinni duyye xaamaanam soolissa.
limmoyso cubbus: ayyamti limoh riig kee apps wagitaay isi maaqiddi ekraaro ken dariifal xis.
satqitta wak qadaaga soolis: atu satqitta wak sissik xaamiyya abtam duddah.

Atu tellemmo abta wak
rortat xakab: isi rortat duqaysimak hangi taceem kee xaamiyya soolissuh.
Amolladi murtisso door: makaadin akkek amo ladi murtisso mango uddur migaq murtissok kaxxam addah tan.
Inkittiinoh melleb qeedaalis: Inkittiinoh melleb (awunsi melleb, paawunxi, w.w.) wagitaay, baxsa luk baxaabaxsale melleb qeedaalisna wak.
mangom xaam: xaam finqite sinni duyyeeyaa kee kaxxa cado garuq too atu xabbocossa wak lakqo daagissuh waktit.
Dukkaan limo kee fidga: garuq le duyye xaamtam, baxsa luk sarra ken xaamtam duddah, takkay immay cubbi gey atu faxxaamak daga xaamtam mafaxximta.
Ayrok ellecabol hinnay baaxoh addah qadaagah addal qadaaga aba: Qadaagah addal alfimte waktih xaqut yayse sittin gey geytam bictah.

Atu tellemmo abteek lakal
foyyaak alaysaanam: foyyaak alaysaanam naharal bicsen akkek naharal alfimte maaqooqa xaamaanamak ummaan way addah tan.
Maaqiddi gulgulusso: mango maaqoh exxaaxi alaysaanam kee foocâ fanah edde yantifiqoonuh wakti kee lakqo dacrisoonuh agxe le bar.
Raqteemit doqaysim: raqteemit satqâ kaloh akkek gersi afxagoh xoqoysimaanam ekraarisa.
Maaqo meqennal daagis: meqennal daagis maaqo finqite waytaamak kalaluh cato takke, tonnal umam takkek naharal edde tantifiqem duddah.
Repurpose ingredients: Inkih tan dorrahih innah tan duyye mango maaqoh (angu, qanxaffe, lakal caxaaxuwih qaynat) hinnay caxaaxuwi qaynatih qaynat broth akah takkennah abaanam.

[anyaha]

ขายการ์ตูนตาหวาน แบบ pdf ดูในคอมพิวเตอร์หรือมือถือหรือแท็บเล็ต Princess หมึกจีน เล่มละ 20 บาท
ดูรายชื่อการ์ตูนPrincess หมึกจีนทั้งหมดได้ที่ สั่งซื้อการ์ตูนตาหวาน PDF ขายการ์ตูนPrincess หมึกจีน

ดูตัวอย่างการ์ตูนคลิกที่รูปปกหรือที่รายชื่อแต่ละเล่มเลยจ้า

Princess เล่ม 001	Princess เล่ม 002	Princess เล่ม 003	Princess เล่ม 004	Princess เล่ม 005
Princess เล่ม 006	Princess เล่ม 007	Princess เล่ม 008	Princess เล่ม 009	Princess เล่ม 010
Princess เล่ม 011	Princess เล่ม 012	Princess เล่ม 013	Princess เล่ม 014	Princess เล่ม 015
Princess เล่ม 016	Princess เล่ม 017	Princess เล่ม 018	Princess เล่ม 019	Princess เล่ม 020
Princess เล่ม 021	Princess เล่ม 022	Princess เล่ม 023	Princess เล่ม 024	Princess เล่ม 025
Princess เล่ม 026	Princess เล่ม 027	Princess เล่ม 028	Princess เล่ม 029	Princess เล่ม 030
Princess เล่ม 031	Princess เล่ม 032	Princess เล่ม 033	Princess เล่ม 034	Princess เล่ม 035

ติดต่อแม่ค้า
ไลน์ fattycatty

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อีเมล์ richyamazon@gmail.com

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